ECG Interpretation of the Post Anaesthetic Patient Essay

ECG Interpretation of the Post Anaesthetic Patient - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that monitoring of patients who have experienced a postoperative or preoperative cardiac event is critical as it enables the nurse to respond to any abnormalities that the patient may display. In doing so, the nurse displays high standards of patient care and professional competence in a PACU setting. In the researcher’s department, the PACU uses an ECG to monitor and measure the electrical activity of the heart. 12-leads are used to provide a comprehensive view of the electrical activity of the heart. Monitoring of these values enables the nurse to respond to any abnormalities that may be revealed. These abnormal values in the electrical activity of the heart represent certain abnormalities on the heart that may require rapid intervention. For purposes of developing the researcher’s clinical practice, he got an opportunity to work at stage two PACU. At the beginning of the researcher’s clinical practice experience, his main objective was to learn how to interpret the ECG. Other objectives that he had to include developing the skills and competency required in order to recognize an abnormal ECG, and developing competency in observing and monitoring the cardiac activity of a patient during recovery. According to ACORN, a PARU nurse is expected to specialize in the clinical management and assessment of patients who are in the PARU. The PARU nurse is expected to conduct clinical monitoring and observation of the patients in PARU. The nurse must be fully aware of any clinical limitations and seek advice accordingly. The nurse must monitor, interpret and have the ability to respond to a patient’s clinical needs. It is important also that the PARU nurse optimizes the utilization of all available technologies in an effort to optimize the outcomes of the patient under their care. Among PARU patients, it is common for complications arising from coexisting diseases or anaesthesia surgery to occur. Th e PARU nurse is therefore expected to demonstrate vigilance in assessing and managing of patients while in PARU. Based on the patient’s history and or condition, it may be necessary to monitor the patient’s cardiac activity. ACORN (N6, 2011) statement 9 requires that nurses be working towards achieving knowledge on basic cardiac rhythm and arrhythmias that are life threatening. While working at PACU, I got an opportunity to gain relevant clinical practice experience with regard to the duties and responsibilities of the PACU nurse. I got an opportunity to monitor and observe one of the patients who was recovering in PACU after surgery. The patient was an 83-year-old female who had been admitted to the right cataract surgery. The patient had a medical history of AF, HTN, GORD, CCF, lung cancer and mild cognitive impairment. The patient had a permanent pacemaker inserted in her. The patient’s medication included Cardizem, Coumadin, Durogesic, Hydrea, Lasix, Movical, Nexium, Panadol Osteo and Oste Vit-D. The patient was allergic to Augmentin, Digoxin, Hiprex, Metopropl, Norspan, Oxycontin, Phenergan. The patient’s heart rate was 127 and other important values included QRDS 81, QT 338, QTcB 492, QTcF 434, and QRS 49. With regard to the patient’s observation and monitoring, I observed the patient and took the vitals. I was delighted that I w as proficient when it comes to monitoring and obtaining patient vitals. More importantly, I obtained the patient’s ECG and discussed with my facilitator the accuracy and significance of the ECG reading. The patient had given me the consent to obtain her information. On discussing with my facilitator the reading, I was delighted to be informed that my reading was accurate. Apart from obtaining the ECG reading accurately, my interpretation was also correct according to my facilitator. As a result of the reading that I had

Creating a Level Playing Field for Wisconsin Education Essay Example for Free

Creating a Level Playing Field for Wisconsin Education Essay It is a well known fact that the educational outcome of our children is either boosted or hindered by their families’ socioeconomic backgrounds, and while this fact is hardly fair to those underprivileged students, (and despite a few halfhearted but well-meaning policies against it), this inequality is likely to persist. (Wisconsin 2006). Although the rates for high school completion between whites and minorities seem to be slowly equaling out, a 1999 report from the U. S. Department of Education showed that nationwide while 27. 5% of whites had received a Bachelor’s degree, only 12. 2% of blacks had attained that same level of education (Wisconsin 2006). In the State of Wisconsin, 15. 8% of whites have a Bachelor’s Degree, while only 6. 9% of blacks have the same, only about half of the nationwide percentage for blacks. (Demographic Profile 2004). In the Wisconsin school districts, the most important reason for the disparity in education between blacks and whites seems to be centered once again on socioeconomic ills. In 1954 the U. S.   Supreme Court unanimously agreed that segregating schoolchildren by race was unconstitutional, however fifty years later, while the ideas and decisions of 1954 seem fairly straightforward, the reality of the situation is a little less clear. In the Milwaukee area, the portion of the population that is black or Hispanic is rising, and the gap between black and white in Wisconsin as a whole is among the largest in the United States. (Borsuk 2004). Wisconsin has struggled with the task of overcoming that particular stigma and in education at least has made some inroads, but much work remains to be done. The difference in test scores on a recently released federal government report between white and black eighth graders was larger in Wisconsin than in any other state in the United States. (Borsuk 2004). Keep in mind that white students in Wisconsin are on par educationally with the rest of the United States, yet a higher percentage of black eighth graders from Wisconsin scored below basic—the lowest category. Previous studies also confirm that Wisconsin again takes the lead in the gap between incarceration rates between blacks and whites, and that â€Å"racial separation is the predominant pattern for neighborhoods. † (Borsuk 2004). If racial separation is considered â€Å"normal† or usual in the average neighborhood, then changing that in the schools systems represents a huge obstacle. When the desegregation plan went into effect the Milwaukee Public School system was 60% white, and now it is about 15% white, but there are few schools that have substantial enrollment of both black and white students. This means that the white children are leaving public schools to attend private schools, which helps very little in the overall desegregation efforts. Elizabeth Burmaster, Wisconsin’s state superintendent of schools says, â€Å"I believe that in Wisconsin the gap is very directly correlated to economic disadvantage. † (Borsuk 2004). Low income kids, as we all know, do not do as well in testing areas or graduation as do children from higher economic families. Because the lower income students are more likely to be black, the success rate of the black students, particularly in Wisconsin, are at very unhealthy rates, a problem that has been addressed by both Chapter 220 and the voucher system, with some small successes, but nothing to write home about. The white children are more likely to have parents with higher levels of education, leading to more economic advantage, while the black children are more likely to have parent’s with less education, leading to lower paying jobs. It becomes a vicious cycle as the black children don’t seem to be receiving the same education as the white children which will in turn cause them to work at low-paying jobs creating yet another generation of the disadvantaged.

Changes In Democracy: From Early Athenian To Present Day Politics Essay

Democracy: From Early Athenian To Present Day Politics. When following current events we can’t help but witness politicians use terms such as â€Å"defending freedom†, â€Å"liberty†, or â€Å"democracy†, but one is simply left wondering if the general public, or even the politicians themselves, know what those terms really mean or where they come from. The reality is that most don’t. The ideals of living in a democracy have been drastically changed from their original meanings and diluted into persuasive political language to become mere rhetoric as opposed to meaningful concepts of ethical and moral value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The word democracy is thrown around to make convincing, patriotic speeches that many times are utilized to usurp the rights and property of peoples in the name of this most sacred of political concepts in the history of western civilization. In order to better understand the true meaning of this idea we must go back to its roots and search for the original intentions behind it. We must find the similarities and differences between Greek democracy and modern day democracy. By separating the two we can see how distant they are from each other. Without a clear understanding of the history involved we are easily blinded by the eloquence and charisma that politicians utilize to control the populace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Democracy dates back to the Golden Age of Greece or the Classic Period. Not yet an organized, centralized nation Greece was made up of warring city-states none of which possessed full control over its neighbors. During this period and under these circumstances there was a tremendous advancement in Greek thought encompassing philosophy, politics, medicine, mathematics, and the sciences to name just a few areas of influence that still maintain a strong Greek legacy today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the Greek city-states it was Athens that gave birth to many of the political philosophies that still survive today. At around 600 B.C.E Athens was in severe economic, social, and political crisis. It was then that a rich aristocrat named Solon emerged to produce for Athens its first comprehensive set of political rules and regulations, overhauling the constitution, reining in the plutocrats, and giving decent measure of power and responsibility to the moderately well-off non-aristocrats. He also provided some legal... ...of a city (Minogue, p.11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfortunately we have not kept the best of these ideas. In modern day politics rationality is no longer paramount. It is the reason we see the influence of politicians full of arrogance, believing in the superiority of their own authority trying to amass power through the use of the ancient Greek political concepts. Modern day politicians, mostly American, attempt to use emotion, not reason when addressing the American people. It is with great sadness that as we have witnessed with the last election this notion succeeded and now under the banner of â€Å"values† and fear will exploit the ignorance of the general public. Cartledge, Paul. The Greeks: Crucible of Civilizations. New York: TV Books, 2000 Freeman, Charles. The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of The Western World. New York: Viking Penguin, 1999 Martin, Thomas, R. Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric To Hellenistic Times. London: Yale University Press, 1996 Minogue, Kenneth. Politics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 Pomeroy, Sarah, et al. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999

Can One Be Moral and Not Believe In God Essay

Can One Be Moral and Not Believe In God? Is it possible for an individual to live morally without believing in God? For someone who believes in God this may be a difficult question to answer. Whereas, someone who does not believe in God might immediately say that having morals has nothing to do with religion. So, to answer this question, we will look at what it means to have morals, compare the views of an Atheist and a Catholic, and look how ethics plays a role in answering this question. In the end, we will see that it is not necessary to believe in a higher power to live morally. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a moral is defined as â€Å"concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behavior† (2013). For many years it has been debated on what it means to have morals. Some believe that a higher power such as God set forth rules or guidelines as to how to live morally. Others believe that people do not need a higher power to determine how one should behave in life. Ultimately, the answer lies in each individual and their understanding, and each answer may vary. However, there is a universal understanding of what is right and wrong. Everyone could agree that it is wrong to commit murder. We could all agree that we should treat others with the level of respect that we wish to receive. But where did the underlying rules of morals come from? Whether a person is religious or not, each person could agree on the concept of the Golden Rule. According to Mosser (2010), â€Å"†¦the best-known version comes from the Christian Bible: â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you† (Sec. 2.1, Para. 19). Simply put, do not do something to someone else that you would you not want them doing to you. If you do not want  someone to cheat off your test, do not cheat off someone else’s test. If you do not want your significant other to cheat on you, you should not cheat on them. No matter what background people may have, we can all come up with the same conclusion that there are good and bad actions. But how does each person’s background effect their understanding of what is moral? Someone with a religious background, such as a Catholic, will tell you that God laid out the rules of what it means to have morals. Cynthia Stewart (n.a.) states, â€Å"Catholics see the Ten Commandments found in the Hebrew scriptures as the basic groundwork for moral action, which together with the life of Jesus provide a deep and abiding understanding for how to act with love and justice in the world† (Para. 3). The Ten Commandments are typically thought of when determining what God considers to be sins. Catholics believe that how an individual behaves here on Earth will determine what they are to expect in the afterlife. If you live a life filled with love of God and his children, you will obtain eternal happiness in heaven. However, if you live a life of evil actions and choices you will be punished by going to hell. On the other hand there are the nonbelievers, such as Atheists, who do not believe in a God. According to Walters (2010), â€Å"†¦philosophical atheists put a high premium on reason, insisting that a rejection of God-belief must be based on the same judicious scrutiny of available evidence and arguments called for in examining any claim† (p. 12, Para. 3). Some people are just raised not to believe in this higher power, others may have had a bad religious experience which led them to this understanding. For these individuals they look at the situation at hand and determine through logical thinking and reason what they must do in life. They do not look to a higher power to decipher what they should do, but look within themselves and what is expected of them from their community. For example, if an Atheist sees someone steal something from an individual and run down the road, they may run after the culprit because they have a sense of duty to do what is right. Now that we have seen two different points of view, we must then consider how ethics can determine if someone can live a moral life with or without the belief in God. Ethics is the way an individual justifies their decision on what is means to have morals. Lawler (2013) states, â€Å"Contemporary ethics takes three normative approaches to determining the morality of an action: (1) the utilitarian approach, which gauges morality by utility; (2) the deontological approach, which emphasizes rules, obligations, and duties; and (3) the â€Å"new† virtue-ethical approach, which gives precedence not to the actions of the agents but to their personal characters formed in their respective moral communities and learned through the imitation of the respected role models in those communities† (p. 443, Para. 2). Which view each individual will agree with will drastically vary. Each approach has integrity and will serve the same purpose in determining what is right from wrong. The difference is in the approach, whether by utility, rules, or an individual’s actions. However, even though these views may come up with the same conclusion, which is the best ethical system? The ethical system that works best for me is the virtue-ethical approach of which focuses on the individual. Adults have an obligation to raise children to be responsible and respectable so that they can then teach the next generation and so on. However, as individuals we can only take responsibility for our own actions. According to McCloskey (2008) there are â€Å"seven virtues† of which can be rearranged and combined in order to determine if one is virtuous; courage, temperance, justice, prudence, faith, hope, and love (p.46, Para. 4). After reviewing multiple ways that one can merge these virtues together, I have determined that one does not necessarily need every single one of these to be considered virtuous. For someone who believes in God, they may very well combine faith with courage, and take the belief that their courage comes from God. Someone who is a non-believer may unite courage with prudence. Each person would still be considered virtuous. Because either person’s views can be used is the ethical system it shows that this system can be used universally between religious and non-religious beliefs. To understand all of what we have reviewed thus far, let us look at Heather the Catholic and Mary the Atheist. Both people drive down the same road every day to go to work. They both see a man on the side of the road with  the sign pleading for money. Both stop and give the man some money to help him get through the day. Why do they do it? Heather was raised Catholic and was taught that when you see someone in need the right thing to do is to help. She believes that helping others will get her to heaven. On the other hand, we have Mary who is an atheist. She stopped to give the stranger money because she likes the good feeling she gets when helping someone. She does not rely on the thought of a God looking down on her, judging her actions for what is to come in her afterlife. So, would it be correct in saying that both individuals can be viewed as having morals? Some people who are strongly influenced by their religion may say that morality can only come from believing in a God. Without the moral rules set forth by God there is no reason to live in such a way. They may argue that without God-driven morals, there is no reason to believe that stealing is wrong. If there is no punishment by a higher power, then there are no rules to follow. However, there belief or argument is that there is in fact punishment in the afterlife for actions taken in this life. That judgment is determined by God, so therefore God does exist and one should live a life according to the rules he gave us.

Describe The Effects Of The Blitz On Everyday Life

In the attempt to describe the effects of the Blitz on everyday life, I will explain what people did before the war began and the actions took to get Britain through the Blitz. Before the Blitz there were many precautions people took incase war was declared on Britain. One of these was gas masks. A gas mask was issued to men, women and children incase gas bombs were dropped. Most homed were equipped with either an Anderson shelter, which was a home built shelter in the garden, or a Morrison shelter, a shelter built underneath the kitchen table. The blackouts began two days before the war began. Under blackout rules, everyone had to cover up their windows at night with black material. This was to make it difficult for German bombers to find their target in the dark. The street lamps were turned off and often people bumped into one another. Traffic accidents were more common because car headlights had to be blacked out, and deaths from drowning increased as people fell off bridges or walked into ponds. The evacuation begun on Friday 1 February, the day German troops invaded Poland. Most children were evacuated in school groups with their teachers. Children and their teachers would meet in the school grounds, where they would get name tags and told to keep their gas masks in the cardboard boxes. Many children were sometimes sent to farms and made to work. Some were sent to big country houses or stately homes. Many of these children had never been out into the country before. Lots of them from the slums were surprised to find themselves staying in houses with inside toilets and carpets. For some children, their parents decided to keep them at home in the city instead of being evacuated. Rationing was introduced due to the shortage of food and the fact that no food could come by ship from over-seas. You were only allowed a certain amount of clothes, food and other household goods. You also still had to pay for them. Ration books were full of coupons which could be cut out and used to buy a fixed amount of rationed foods each week or month. Every time a housewife bought something she had to give a coupon. When she had used up a particular coupon for one week she had to wait until the following week before she could buy any more. Food was very hard to get a hold of, so people were encouraged to grow vegetables in order to feed their family. Cartoon characters called Potato Pete and Dr. Carrot appeared on leaflets, telling people to eat plenty of these foods. The slogan â€Å"Dig for Victory† appeared on posters and banners to encourage people to grow their own food. Meat was hard to get hold of so the government advised people to eat rabbits. In total 1. 4 million homes – one third of London's housing stock – were damaged or destroyed in the Blitz. Electricity, gas and water supplies were disrupted. The impact on civilian morale in London was severe. Some Londoners later recalled that things were close to breaking point: the daily bombings and sleepless nights took their toll. Looting from bombed shops and empty houses was rife. However, the general mood of perseverance became known as the Blitz Spirit. In all, 18,000 tons of high explosives had been dropped on England during eight months of the Blitz. A total of 18,629 men, 16,201 women, and 5,028 children were killed along with 695 unidentified charred bodies. The role of women during the Blitz was very important for helping on the home front. The Women's Voluntary Service provided fire fighters with tea and refreshments when the clear-up took place after a bombing raid during the blitz. They also provided tea and refreshment for the people sheltering in the underground. At first, only single women aged 20-30 were called up, but by mid-1943, almost 90 per cent of single women and 80 per cent of married women were working in factories, on the land or in the armed forces. In all 640,000 women were in the armed force, 5,000 serving with guns and providing essential air defence, 80,000 thousand in the Land Army plus many more who flew unarmed aircraft, drove ambulances, worked as nurses and worked behind enemy lines in the European resistance. Overall, there were many different effects of the Blitz on everyday life from the evacuation of children to the rationing of food and other household goods.

Free Essays on What Lessons Might Mankind Learn From “the War Of The Worlds“

Ever since time began mankind has regarded itself as the controller and ruler of planet Earth, a superior species. We appoint ourselves kings, emperors and leaders and we automatically assume that if there is indeed a God, he must take a human form. Humanity behaves as if it is invincible and untouchable, assuming that the earth will be under its control for eternity. This assumed ownership has led us to carve up our planet in an arrogant manner. We harness and control the elements disregarding local ecology and long term effects. Water is separated by dams and teased through pipes for our comfort. Fire is produced at the flick of a switch whilst windbreaks temper the four winds. The earth is fought over and bought and sold everyday, people dying for a patch of dirt, our planet is being carved up because we assume that we have the right to do so. â€Å"The War of the Worlds† illustrates this flawed and arrogant view. We lie in our beds and lead our lives assuming that we are safe, but the truth is that we are constantly threatened with invasion and natural disasters. People die everyday from natural disasters. Despite this, mankind still assumes that it is superior and separate from nature and that the natural world can always be bent to its will. The throne on which we have placed ourselves could be toppled at anytime. We have a very fragile grasp on planet earth, which may be loosened within a day, a week, a month, or a year. The fossil record bears witness to many species now extinct. The time we have on this planet should be cherished, not wasted on money making, personal greed and war. This is the main theme and message of Well’s novel â€Å"The War of the Worlds† which was written in 1897 and set at the beginning of the twentieth century. The novel is separated into two books. Book one, entitled â€Å"The Coming of the Martians†, is the story of how the Martians arrived, invaded and took over in a matter of a few months.... Free Essays on What Lessons Might Mankind Learn From â€Å"the War Of The Worldsâ€Å" Free Essays on What Lessons Might Mankind Learn From â€Å"the War Of The Worldsâ€Å" Ever since time began mankind has regarded itself as the controller and ruler of planet Earth, a superior species. We appoint ourselves kings, emperors and leaders and we automatically assume that if there is indeed a God, he must take a human form. Humanity behaves as if it is invincible and untouchable, assuming that the earth will be under its control for eternity. This assumed ownership has led us to carve up our planet in an arrogant manner. We harness and control the elements disregarding local ecology and long term effects. Water is separated by dams and teased through pipes for our comfort. Fire is produced at the flick of a switch whilst windbreaks temper the four winds. The earth is fought over and bought and sold everyday, people dying for a patch of dirt, our planet is being carved up because we assume that we have the right to do so. â€Å"The War of the Worlds† illustrates this flawed and arrogant view. We lie in our beds and lead our lives assuming that we are safe, but the truth is that we are constantly threatened with invasion and natural disasters. People die everyday from natural disasters. Despite this, mankind still assumes that it is superior and separate from nature and that the natural world can always be bent to its will. The throne on which we have placed ourselves could be toppled at anytime. We have a very fragile grasp on planet earth, which may be loosened within a day, a week, a month, or a year. The fossil record bears witness to many species now extinct. The time we have on this planet should be cherished, not wasted on money making, personal greed and war. This is the main theme and message of Well’s novel â€Å"The War of the Worlds† which was written in 1897 and set at the beginning of the twentieth century. The novel is separated into two books. Book one, entitled â€Å"The Coming of the Martians†, is the story of how the Martians arrived, invaded and took over in a matter of a few months....

Misleading Nutrient Lables essays

Misleading Nutrient Lables essays In the new twenty- first century, health is the major concern among the human species. Thus, maintaining a healthy diet is very essential for all human beings. Numerous food companies attempt to advertise their products by promoting the health issues so people will buy it since they believe the food they are buying are considered somewhat healthy. However, because of the fact that more and more people are concerning whether or not the food they are eating are good for their health, manufacturers begin to take advantages of unrealistic serving size and promoting only the good side of the food to attract people to buy their so-called healthy products. Hence, many of the advertising food have misleading labels, which are health-concerned labels that are claimed for the food, in which the manufacturers would like the buying public to believe the food is healthier than what it actually is. There are many advertised food that contain misleading labels out there in the market. From Albertsons Light Brownie Sensation Ice Cream is one of them. Basically, this is an ice-cream product and it fits in the milk, yogurt, and cheese group (2-3 servings per day) in the food pyramid. The nutritional values of this product are the relative good supplies of protein, calcium, and vitamin A. However, this product should supply a little more protein and calcium (since it is in the milk, yogurt, and cheese group), also add in some vitamin C would be great since it is not originally included in the product. The misleading advertisement in this product is that the manufacturer used the word light but in fact it is not light. In nutritional terms, that the light product should be 50% less fat and 33% less calories than the original/regular product. However, for this particular light ice cream, although it is 50% less fat than the regular i...

Biography of Eduardo Quisumbing, Filipino Botanist

Biography of Eduardo Quisumbing, Filipino Botanist Eduardo Quisumbing (November 24, 1895–August 23, 1986) was a Filipino botanist and a noted expert in the medicinal plants of the Philippines. He was an author of more than 129 scientific articles, many on orchids. Quisumbing served as the director of the National Museum of the Philippines, where he oversaw the rebuilding of the herbarium, which was completely destroyed during World War II. The plant Saccolabium quisumbingii is named for him. Fast Facts: Eduardo Quisumbing Known For: Quisumbing was a Filipino botanist and a noted expert in the medicinal plants of the Philippines. The plant Saccolabium quisumbingii is named for him.Born:  November 24, 1895 in Santa Cruz, Laguna, PhilippinesParents: Honorato de los R. Quisumbing, Ciriaca F. Arguelles-QuisumbingDied: August 23, 1986 in Quezon City, PhilippinesEducation: University of the Philippines Los Baà ±os (BSA, 1918), University of the Philippines Los Baà ±os (MS, 1921), University of Chicago (Ph.D., 1923)Published Works: Teratology of Philippine Orchids, The identity of Anota Violacea and Rhynchostylis Retus, New or Noteworthy Philippine Orchids,  Philippine Piperaceae, Medicinal plants in the PhilippinesAwards and Honors: Distinguished Service Star for Outstanding Contribution to the Field of Systematic Botany, Diploma of Merit on Orchidology, Fellow Gold Medal from the Malaysian Orchid Society, PhilAAS Most Outstanding Award, National Scientist of the PhilippinesSpouse: Basilisa Lim-Quisumb ingChildren: Honorato Lim Quisumbing, Lourdes L. Quisumbing-Roxas, Eduardo L. Quisumbing, Jr. Early Years and Education Quisumbing was born on November 24, 1895, in Santa Cruz, Laguna, Philippines. His parents were Honorato de los R. Quisumbing and Ciriaca F. Arguelles-Quisumbing. Quisumbing earned his BSA in biology from the University of the Philippines Los Baà ±os in 1918 and his Master of Science in botany at the same university in 1921. He also earned a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago (in Plant Taxonomy, Systematics and Morphology) in 1923. Career From 1920 to 1926, Quisumbing was attached to the College of Agriculture at the University of the Philippines and from 1926 to 1928 at the University of California. He was appointed systematic botanist in 1928. Beginning in February 1934, he served as acting chief of the Natural Museum Division of the Bureau of Science in Manila. He was later named director of the National Museum, a position he held until retiring in 1961. Quisumbing was the author of numerous taxonomic and morphological papers, many of which deal with orchids, such as Medicinal plants in the Philippines. Some of his other published works include â€Å"Teratology of Philippine Orchids,† â€Å"The identity of Anota Violacea and Rhynchostylis Retus,† â€Å"New or Noteworthy Philippine Orchids,†Ã‚  and â€Å"Philippine Piperaceae.† He was the recipient of the Distinguished Service Star (1954) for outstanding contribution to the field of systematic botany, Diploma of Merit on Orchidology and Fellow Gold Medal from the Malaysian Orchid Society (1966), the Gold Medal from American Orchid Society, and the 1975 PhilAAS Most Outstanding Award. Death and Legacy Quisumbing died on August 23, 1986, in Quezon City, Philippines. He may be the most famous botanist from the Philippines, particularly with regard to his study on orchids. His publications and papers are still sold on sites such as Amazon. And his writings on orchids of the Philippines are still available at college libraries throughout the U.S. The orchid named after Quisumbing, Saccolabium quisumbingii- also known as Tuberolabium quisumbingii- is a beautiful plant that is widely available in the United States. Like other orchids in the genus Tuberolabium kotoense, this orchid produces small but plentiful bright purplish/pink-and-white flowers and grows in the mountains of the Phillippines. Quisumbings legacy also lives on in the other beautiful orchids and flowers of the Philippines that he spent his life cultivating, protecting, and describing for the world to learn about and enjoy. Sources â€Å"Eduardo A. Quisumbing, Sr.†Ã‚  geni_family_tree, 24 May 2018.Revolvy, LLC. â€Å"‘Eduardo Quisumbing’ on Revolvy.com.†Ã‚  Trivia Quizzes.â€Å"Tuberolabium (Saccolabium) Quisumbingii - 2017.†Ã‚  Orchids Forum.â€Å"Tuberolabium.†Ã‚  The American Orchid Society, 20 Mar. 2016.

Saudi Arabia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example It stands as a significant industrial country, claiming over 25% of the global oil reserve. It is this wealth in oil that Saudi Arabia is known for and is what drives the country’s economy. Considered as the origin of Islam, the country has been keen to preserve its historical richness with the passage of time. Geography Saudi Arabia occupies about 80% of the Arabian Peninsula, measuring 865,000 square miles, just about 25% of the total surface are of the US. This is a big country as compared to the size of other countries globally. The country borders the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and the Persian Gulf to the east, Oman and Yemen to the south and Kuwait, Iraq and Jordan to the north. On the west, the Red Sea separates it from Sudan, Eritrea and Egypt. Its entire geography indicates a plateau that rises from the Red Sea and slopes down gradually to the Persian Gulf. Even though its mountains rise as high as 9,000 feet, Saudi Arabia has no permanent rivers, lakes and big fores ts, making Janin and Besheer (7) refer to it as the driest large country. Thus, the country is largely a desert meaning that green vegetation is rare apart from those regions near oases. Saudi Arabia hosts the world’s greatest continuous sand expanse in its southeastern corner named the Empty Quarter. It covers about 264,000 square miles, equivalent to the size of Texas State (Zuhur 21). With this, Saudi Arabia is characterized by the desert geography including sand dunes and shrubs. Farming would be a rare activity unless under irrigated land. The climate varies greatly on different parts of the country, ranging from dry and hot summers in the northern and central regions to winters with moderate temperatures during the day and cold, at times freezing, at night. This variation in day and night temperatures could be articulated to the lack of clouds that allow the sunrays to heat the earth and the heat quickly disappears at night with no clouds to offer insulation. This weath er could be harsh for persons seeking to live in the country. The summers in the gravel or sand deserts could be as hot as 49oC with these areas rarely experiencing any rains. The rainfall is uneven and unreliable averaging less than 10 cm per year (Zuhur 45). This makes it hard to farm with reliance on rainfall, meaning that the country cannot supply itself with sufficient food. Socio-economic Life Saudi Arabia has a population of about 29.6 million people with Arabic as the national language. For an American visitor, a translator would therefore be important because most of the communication will be in Arabic. Among the important religious holidays is Eid al-Fitr, the festival of breaking fast marking the end of the holy month of Ramadan (Zuhur 23). Others include Eid al-Aidha and Hajj. Mosques serve as places of worship and are thus scared places. With Islam being a common religion in the country, a majority of the women would thus be in their long loose-fitting dresses while men would be in their traditional garbs. Interestingly, men are considered the guardians of women according to the law and therefore take responsibility for their behavior. This makes women inferior as opposed to many modern states where gender equality has caused men and women to be regarded as equals. Additionally, marriage is not organized by one family but by both families. These marriages rarely involve people from different families because Zuhur (155) observes that first cousin marriages are common.

Proposal for the analytical report Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

For the analytical report - Thesis Proposal Example ts and demerits of each approach as I compared and contrast direct mail and email  advertising strategies by trying to remain relevant to meet the client’s requirement. Finally, I will present a list of recommendation to my client providing him with the facts to make a policy on which strategy will best meet his marketing plan based on the analysis of the rhetorical situation presented. The scope of my study is will be determined by the benchmarks designed by the client. In this context, my client is disturb by which advertising strategy is effective based on the pros and cons of each approach. With respect to the client’s circumstance, there the comparative analysis will on one hand be executed based on looking for advantages and disadvantages and on the contrary the complaints from the customers based on each advertising strategy. In this option, the customers or consumers feedback based on the experiment of on each strategy will be used. For instance, email marketing has a risk of spam that makes the customer be dissatisfied and hence will not be recommended. In decision-making, I will peg my criteria assigned by the client. The study will require to avail consideration for the customer’s future objectives such as satisfying the customers through minimization of spam through direct mail instead of email marketing. My decision-making will also be due to the significant or number of clients netted in by each strategy. The study primary audience is the client who has requested for my service to be equipped in order to determine the appropriate advertising strategy. My client has offered a particular benchmark to guide my analysis and information gathering. My study outcome will be communicated majorly to address the customer and his situation. I will strictly remain focused on benchmarks given by the customer to amicably resolve the requirement of my client. The secondary audience for my study is the potential consumer who is disturbed by the increased

Slave trade and the black race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Slave trade and the black race - Essay Example With the markets of slaves being on high demand in the African continent, the methods of capturing the same slaves intensified to an extent whereby the children were enticed with sweets so as they can add up to the list of slaves. The children were visualized as persons who would carry out simple chores, for instance, cleaning the houses of the masters. In line to this argument, it is evident that the extent to which the blacks were demoralized to the trade is simply unspeakable. This can simply be discussed as an inhuman activity, that could have kept the escalating trend were it not for the intervention of the humanitarians and economist who argued against the entire concept of the slave trade. Regarding a human being as an object, and enslaving the same to a later supply in the market signifies the extent to which the Blacks were visualized. On another angle, other analysts and researchers in Black history argue that slave trade is one of the appalling crimes that have taken place in the history of the Blacks. The extent to which the Blacks experienced horror and undermine from the whites is astonishing. Diouf questions the reasons behind the continuity of the vice for a very long time and on such great extent (xiv). Additionally, questions why the same did not happen in other parts of the world, especially the new world, and why the horror had to demoralize the lives of poor Africans have always lingered in the minds of historians.

Assignment Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment Reflection - Essay Example With such manoeuvres, it is more likely to attract many more customers in the market. However, a stagnant business that rarely makes changes in the management, service delivery and customer care will rarely make positive growth. In counter reactions to such situations, Nestle employs the â€Å"four pillarâ€Å"solution. This includes innovations and renovations, operational efficiency, consumer communications and delivery of goods. The case study was practically knowledgeable as it shed light on the following activities in a business. The first approach in case study on Nestle was directed at observing the current operational excellence and evaluate its effects on the business (Jackson, 2008:11). The management is concerned about all activities that are in the business and how they are conducted. This will give the people in control information on all the activities of the business and how each of the activities is affecting the business (Hitt, Duane and Hoskisson, 2012: 43). For e xample, the company is not interested in the short term profits that could jeopardise the firm’s performance in the long run (Chopra, 2009:12). This is a serious problem that could jeopardize the performance of the business (Moran, Braaten and Walsh, 2013:16). Since this is the initial stage, the manager should keenly watch the processes of supplying products and time taken before the products are dispatched to the market. In ensuring there is concrete observation of all the activities that are taking place, a manager should conduct a personal observation on all these activities (Rubin and Babbie, 2010:19). This will give first hand information. In such a manoeuvre, the manager will have unbiased information on the activities that are taking place in the business (Samii, 2004:12). In strengthening the information that is collected, the manager should then embark on collecting information from the line managers. This includes horizontal ad vertical line managers in the firm (P aul, 2011:21). This is by collecting information from the people that work in the stated departments in Nestle. Gathering such information will give concrete information that is reliable. After the observations, the manager should then try to analyze the situation. This is a situation that is affecting the supply of products and services and must have a negative impact to the business (Saunders, 2003:18). First, it is a setback to the businesses since the market will be affected in the long run (Dolley, 2011: 20). Secondly, the Nestle firm is to make a positive impact in the market. However, when the short term goals are vitalized, the company will not meet its long term goals. In such a case, the business is at a risk of losing some of its customers. After analysis the situation, a manager should look at the causative factors (Marschan-Piekkari and Welch, 2011:11). This includes focusing on the supply of materials, technological mishaps and transport preparation. Similarly, the man ager has to analyze the number of employees working on the delivery of finished goods. This will be followed by slotting various solutions and changes that could be used to rectify the problem. When the manager in Nestle comes up with various solutions to the problem, it is a preparation to ensure the situation does not affect the business (Wall and Rees, 2004:32). For example, the manager could come up with options of increasing the number of emp

Analysis Cairn Energy PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis Cairn Energy PLC - Essay Example The headquarters of the company is situated in Edinburg. The company was founded by Sir, Bill Gammel who also happens to be a former rugby player. The initial operations of the company were in USA. However, after the listing of the company on London stock exchange in 1988 the company expanded nationally and internationally into Spain, China, Vietnam, Australia, Bangladesh, Albania, Nepal, Tunisia and Papua New Guinea. The average oil produced by the company is 33,000 per day (approx). However the largest operations of the company are in India as the company has been able to make over 20 discoveries in the state of Rajasthan. This includes one major discovery in Mangala. The main products produced by the company include natural gas, Petroleum and petrochemicals. ... mmunication of performance and strategy Organizational Structure Group Structure Divisional Structure External Environment Analysis PESTEL Analysis Political The government have been very involved in the production and exploration of oil and gas. The geopolitical violence and developments in few countries have lead to a less than suitable and highly risky for foreign investments in production and exploration of oil and gas. Economic The global economy is looking to make a comeback from the economic downturn in Europe and USA. Add to that the western oil and gas market has become extremely competitive. Therefore companies are looking to invest in some of the emerging economies of the countries in the eastern region. Companies also enjoy favourable corporate conditions, tax breaks and relatively low labour rates the market has also witnessed an energy crisis. The crisis has mainly occurred changes in demand and supply side limited resources for production leading to increase in costs o r production. Also the oil prices are decided by the supply and demand factors. Due to the fluctuations in these two factors has lead to instability in the prices. This actually posses a major risk in the times of low oil prices (Henry, 2008, p.201). Social Change in climate has led to a change a change in the lifestyle of the people. This also led to a change in the mindset of the people towards Carbon emission mainly in the developed countries. Due to such developments the corporate social responsibility has become an integral part of the marketing strategy of the companies to develop long relationships with environmental activists and local communities. Technological Innovative drilling technology and exploratory techniques like the 3d seismic processing, improved plant design and 3d

Assignment Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment Reflection - Essay Example With such manoeuvres, it is more likely to attract many more customers in the market. However, a stagnant business that rarely makes changes in the management, service delivery and customer care will rarely make positive growth. In counter reactions to such situations, Nestle employs the â€Å"four pillarâ€Å"solution. This includes innovations and renovations, operational efficiency, consumer communications and delivery of goods. The case study was practically knowledgeable as it shed light on the following activities in a business. The first approach in case study on Nestle was directed at observing the current operational excellence and evaluate its effects on the business (Jackson, 2008:11). The management is concerned about all activities that are in the business and how they are conducted. This will give the people in control information on all the activities of the business and how each of the activities is affecting the business (Hitt, Duane and Hoskisson, 2012: 43). For e xample, the company is not interested in the short term profits that could jeopardise the firm’s performance in the long run (Chopra, 2009:12). This is a serious problem that could jeopardize the performance of the business (Moran, Braaten and Walsh, 2013:16). Since this is the initial stage, the manager should keenly watch the processes of supplying products and time taken before the products are dispatched to the market. In ensuring there is concrete observation of all the activities that are taking place, a manager should conduct a personal observation on all these activities (Rubin and Babbie, 2010:19). This will give first hand information. In such a manoeuvre, the manager will have unbiased information on the activities that are taking place in the business (Samii, 2004:12). In strengthening the information that is collected, the manager should then embark on collecting information from the line managers. This includes horizontal ad vertical line managers in the firm (P aul, 2011:21). This is by collecting information from the people that work in the stated departments in Nestle. Gathering such information will give concrete information that is reliable. After the observations, the manager should then try to analyze the situation. This is a situation that is affecting the supply of products and services and must have a negative impact to the business (Saunders, 2003:18). First, it is a setback to the businesses since the market will be affected in the long run (Dolley, 2011: 20). Secondly, the Nestle firm is to make a positive impact in the market. However, when the short term goals are vitalized, the company will not meet its long term goals. In such a case, the business is at a risk of losing some of its customers. After analysis the situation, a manager should look at the causative factors (Marschan-Piekkari and Welch, 2011:11). This includes focusing on the supply of materials, technological mishaps and transport preparation. Similarly, the man ager has to analyze the number of employees working on the delivery of finished goods. This will be followed by slotting various solutions and changes that could be used to rectify the problem. When the manager in Nestle comes up with various solutions to the problem, it is a preparation to ensure the situation does not affect the business (Wall and Rees, 2004:32). For example, the manager could come up with options of increasing the number of emp

Organizational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Culture - Essay Example Often the organizational culture is characterized as having three phases; behavior and artifacts, values, and assumptions and beliefs (‘Strategic Leadership and Decision Making’). Organizational culture has great influence on the streamlined decision making process. To illustrate, in a centralized organizational structure, the decision making power is vested in the hand of top level management. On the other hand, in decentralized organizational structures, the decision making power is distributed as down as possible to the first phase of chain of command. The organizational culture provides the members of a firm with meaning and regulations for behaving within the organization. In the same way, a firm’s history together with unwritten rules also constitutes a significant part of its culture. On the other hand, some organizational cultures are so strong that they dictate the character of the whole firm. The organizational culture has the power to influence the deci sion making as it articulates informally through direct and indirect statements what the management wishes. The culture, sometimes, consists of explicit statements of values, beliefs, and customs got from top-level managements. Strategic Transition Strategy can be defined as the overarching goals and objectives of a business. The strategy decisions of a company affect its line of business and its internal operations. It is much difficult to predict exactly what happens when the organization alters its strategy. However, organizations come across some positive and negative effects when undertaking a strategic change. Importance Organizational strategy controls all managerial decisions from the front line to the board room. Strategic policies play the important role of guidelines to the owners and top-level management in achieving their grand expectations in a more practical way. Changing the strategy of an organization can alter the manner and mode which the organization operates in, affecting everything from organizational structure to the daily practices of employees. Process The process of a corporate strategic transition by an organization can be divided into four distinct steps such as planning, implementing, monitoring, and review. At the planning process, the executives set a strategic vision with concrete and time-bound objectives and aims. Suitable research and testing must be carried out at this stage to make sure the viability of the change. At the implementations stage, the changes must be put into action in accordance with the plan. The monitoring stage includes a continual process of supervising and examining that the plans are working. Finally, the review phase analyzes the progress of the working of the plan and decides whether the changes must be sustained or changed yet again. Positive Effects Changing the strategy of an organization can result in several positive effects. New strategic guidelines help an organization to easily acclimatize to the changing environments of the marketplace. New business strategies assist a company to execute its business more effectively and cost efficiently. They help a company to invest into a new, more profitable trade or market segment. Besides, with the help of changes in the strategy, a stagnant company can retrieve its earlier growth rates. Negative Effects However, all the effects are not positive and there are negative effects too. Organizations face the major issue of resistance from the internal employees against implementing effective strategic changes. There are certain people who strongly oppose any kind of alterations to the status quo or to their daily practices. In the same way, there are also chances for an organization t

Mini Motor Homes Manufactured Essay Example for Free

Mini Motor Homes Manufactured Essay This case is about Mini Motor Homes Manufactured by Jim Ballenger in Kalamazoo, Michigan. According to the case, Jim Ballenger has a problem to make a decision to change his current inventory system to JIT system. From the current inventory system, Jim has spent a lot of cost on his inventory system. This is because mostly of the component used in manufactured are bought from other vendor and his company actually only manufactured very few of it component. Because of this, the transportation and inventory cost contribute to a relatively large portion of its component part of expenses. Jim Ballenger was very aware on the cost that may arise once the JIT system adopted. The cost that he may be aware to arise is the cost of management standpoint, the shipment of the component and the rate of the component purchased. Besides that, he also has inquiry about the component purchased will be arrived on time or not or the duration taken of delivering the component. This is because, if the component are not suitable to use, his team has to replace it and it will entail expensive rush order for the replacement component or the downtime for the entire plant. Jim Ballenger also concern about his relationship with his suppliers. He thought that his supplier may difficult become one part of his team. Since the supplier will expect to have special effort on their quality control or delivery flexibility on behalf of one of its almost miniscule discount. Jim Ballenger has been rent a public warehouse near his plant to keep his inventory that cost $500,000 to $1,000,000, which he paid more than 1. 5% per month from the borrowed funds to buy it. Since he starts to producing the different model, and using so many different appliances, the cost of the safety stock increased day by day. The JIT presume table has drawn with two considerations. Since the major component, chassis can be purchased at one time basis from the local supplier and out of stock situation is hardly happen, thus this component has excluded from using JIT system. The two considerations will be (1) Ballenger’s inventory carrying costs of are assumed to be 20% per year on the average investment in inventory on hand comprising acquisition and transportation costs, (2) those components that can obtain from closer sources, one week of the safety stock is sustain, if the component is further form the stock, two weeks to one month of safety stock should be available.

Density Functional Theory (DFT): Literature Review

Density Functional Theory (DFT): Literature Review Theoretical Background and Literature Review 2.1 Density Functional Theory This section covers basics about Density Functional Theory (DFT), which is the theoretical method behind our investigations. For those who are interested in a much more deep knowledge about the DFT we refer to textbooks such as [29] and [30]. 2.1.1 History of Density Functional Theory To get precise and accurate results from both theoretical and computational methods, the scale of physical phenomena must be well defined. In physics and material science the relevant scales of matter are time and size. In computational material science, for the multiscale understanding in both time and size scale the smallest relevant scale of atomic interactions are best described by ab initio techniques. These techniques are based on the determination of electronic structure of the considered materials and an intelligent transfer of its characteristics to higher-order scales using multidisciplinary schemes. More specifically, if the interaction of electrons is solely described using universal principles such as the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics condensed in the Schrodinger equation, these simulations are called firstprinciples, or ab initio methods. One can also separate those methods as Hartree-Fock and post-HF techniques that mainly uses by quantum chemistry field and De nsity Functional Theory (DFT) which is typically used in of material science. Ab initio simulations are becoming remarkably popular in scientific research fields. For example in DFT case, in a simple search at Web Of Science [31] or any other publication search tool, one can easily see that number of publications that include †Density Functional Theory† in their title or abstract is over 15000 in 2013. Therefore, it can be concluded that, ab initio based research already an important third discipline that makes the connection between experimental approaches and theoretical knowledge. Figure 2.1: Usage trend of DFT over years Within ab initio simulations quantum mechanical equations for any system that may be ordered or disordered are solved. That actually gives one drawback which is, solving that kind of equations is generally only possible for simple systems, because of the expensive electron-electron interaction term. So, in general, the ab initio simulations are restricted to 150-200 atoms calculations with most powerful computer clusters. Due to the that severe limitation, better techniques and methods are developed and implemented to bring the real materials into realm of ab initio simulations. The major development of ab initio methods with practical applications took place when many electron interactions in a system was possible to be approximated using a set of one electron equations (Hartree-Fock method) or using density functional theory In 1927, Thomas [32] and Fermi [33] introduce a statistical model to compute the energy of atoms by approximate the distribution of electrons in an atom. Their concept was quite similar to modern DFT but less rigorous because of the crucial manybody electronic interaction was not taken into account. The idea of the Thomas and Fermi was that, at the starting point for simplicity that electrons do not interact with each other and using classic terms, therefore, one can describe the kinetic energy as a functional of electron density of non-interacting electrons in a homogeneous electron gas. 3 years later, in 1930, Dirac [34] succeeded to include the many-body exchange and correlation terms of the electrons and actually he formulated the local density approximation (LDA), that is still used in our days. However, the Thomas-Fermi and Dirac model that are based on homogeneous electron gas do not cover the accuracy demand in current applications. In same the years as Thomas and Fermi, Hartree [35] also introduce a procedure to calculate approximate wavefunctions and energies for atoms and that was called Hartree function. Some years later, to deal with antisymmetry of the electron system, his students Fock [36] and Slater[37], separately published self-consistent functions taking into account Pauli exclusion principals and they expressed the multi-electron wavefunction in the form of single-particle orbitals namely Slater-determinants. Since the calculations within the Hartree-Fock model are complicated it was not popular until 1950s. The fundamental concepts of density functional theory were proposed by Hohenberg and Kohn in their very well known paper in the year 1964 [38]. The main idea was trying to use the electron density instead of complex and complicated wavefunction. A wavefunction contains 3N variables, where N is the number of electrons and each electron has 3 spatial degrees of freedom. In contrast to that electron density contains only 3 variables. Therefore, the implementation of the electron density with 3 variables will be more easy to handle than 3N wavefunction variables. In their work, Hohenberg and Kohn proved that all ground state properties of a quantum system, in particular the ground state total energy, are unique functionals of the ground state density. However, the Hohenberg-Kohn (HK) formulation is not useful for actual calculations of ground state properties with enough accuracy. A major improvement was achieved one year later, in 1965. Kohn and Sham [39] proposed a formulation by partially going back to a wavefunction description in terms of orbitals of independent quasi particles. The main idea was that the many-body problem can be mapped onto a system of non-interacting quasiparticles. This approach simplified the multi-electron problem into a problem of non-interacting electrons in an effective potential. This potential includes the external potential and the effects of the Coulomb interactions between the electrons, e.g., the exchange and correlation interactions. Since then up to now the Kohn-Sham equations are used in practically all calculations based on DFT. 2.1.2 Schr ¨odinger’s Equation In quantum mechanics, analogue to Newtons equations in classical mechanics, the Schr ¨odinger equation is used. This is a partial differential equation and used to describe the physical quantities at the quantum level. The Schr ¨odinger equation forms the basis of many ab initio approaches and its non-relativistic form is an eigenvalue equation of the form: HˆÎ ¨(ri,Rj)= EÃŽ ¨(ri,Rj) (2.1) where ÃŽ ¨(ri,Rj) is the wavefunction of the system depending on the electron coordinates ri,i =1N and the coordinates of all nuclei in the system Rj,j =1M. Hˆis the Hamiltonian of a system that contains M nuclei and N electrons. Therefore, the Schr ¨odinger equation that involves both nuclei and electrons has to be solved for the many-body eigenfunctions ÃŽ ¨(r1,r2, , rN ; R1,R2, , RM ). The many-body Hamiltonian can be written in the form: Hˆ= Tˆe + Tˆn + Vˆnn + Vˆen + Vˆee (2.2) ˆˆ where all of parts are operators. Te and Tn are the kinetic energies of the ˆˆ electrons and nuclei, respectively. Ven, Vee and Vˆnn represent the attractive electrostatic interaction between the electron and the nuclei and the repulsive potential due to the electron-electron and nucleus-nucleus interactions. One can also write them down explicitly: N f2 ˆ Te = − 2 i (2.3) 2me i=1 M 2Mn n=1 f2 ˆ Tn = − 2 n (2.4) 11 M ZnZme2 = (2.5) 4Ï€ 0 2 |Rn − Rm| =1;n,mn =m ˆ Vnn ˆ Ven = − 11 MN Zne2 (2.6) 4Ï€ 0 2 |ri − Rn| n=1 i=1 j= M e = (2.7) 4Ï€ 0 2 |ri − rj| i,j=1;i 2 11 ˆ Vee where me and Mn are the electron and nuclei masses, Zn is the nuclear number of the n-th atom, e is the electronic charge and f is the Planck constant. For simplicity one can also use atomic units. Then the Hamiltonian takes the form: NMM ZnZm in 22 |Rn − Rm| i=1 n=1 n,m=1;n =m 1 1 ˆ H = − 2 2 − + (2.8) j= MNMZn − + |ri − Rn||ri − rj| n=1 i=1 i,j=1;i 2.1.3 Born-Oppenheimer Approximation It is clear that forces on both electrons or nuclei is in the same order of magnitude because of their electric charge. Therefore, the expected momen 1 tum changes due to that forces must be the same. However electrons are much smaller than nuclei (e.g. even for Hydorgen case nuclei nearly 1500 times larger than an electron) they must have higher velocity than nuclei. One can conclude that electrons will very rapidly adjust themselves to reach the ground state configuration if the nuclei start moving. Born and Oppenheimer [40] published their work in 1927, they simply separated the nuclear motion from electronic motion which is now known as the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Therefore, while solving the Hamiltonian Equation in (2.8) one can simply assume nuclei as stationary and solve the electronic ground state at first then calculate the energy of the system in that configuration and solve the nuclei motion. Then the separation of electronic and nuclear motion leads to an separation of the wavefunctions ÃŽ ¨ = ψφ of electrons and nuclei, respectively. Via the separation one can treat the nuclear motion externally by not in cluding the Hamiltonian and the â€Å"electronic† Hamiltonian can be written as: Hˆe = Tˆe + Vˆen + Vˆee (2.9) Solving the equation (2.9), one can get the total energy of the ground state of the system, which can be defined as: E0 = ψ0|He|ψ0 + Vnn (2.10) where E0 is the ground state total energy of the system and ψ0 is the eigenfunction of the electronic ground state. 2.1.4 Hohenberg-Kohn Theorem However, the Hamiltonian in Equation (2.9) is quite complicated to solve for realistic systems due to the high number of electrons and especially the term Vee makes it impossible to solve the problem exactly. Therefore, instead of solving the many-body wavefunctions, Hohenberg-Kohn deal with that problem by reducing it to the electron density Ï (r). This approach makes the fundamentals of DFT. According to Hohenberg and Kohn, the total energy of the system can be defined via the electron density as E = E[Ï (r)] and it will be the minimum for the ground state electron distribution, namely Ï 0(r). Therefore, the exact theory of many-body systems reduced to the electron density that can be defined as: Ï (r)= d3 r2d3 rN |ψ(r1, rN )|2 (2.11) and has to obey the relation: Ï (r)d3 r = N (2.12) where N is the total number of electrons in the system. One can also summarize the HK theorem in the form of the two main theorems, Theorem I : The external potential vext(r), which is the potential energy generated by the nuclei, can be determine from the ground state electron density Ï 0(r). Then Hamiltonian will be fully defined, also the wavefunction for the ground state will also be known. Theorem II : E0,the ground state total energy of the system with a particular vext will be the global minimum when Ï  = Ï 0. From the perspective of these two theorems one can write down the total electronic energy as: E[Ï ]= Te[Ï (r)] + Ï (r)vext[Ï (r)] + EH [Ï (r)] + Exc[Ï (r)]d3 r (2.13) One can also add the kinetic energy of the electrons T − e[Ï (r)], the classical Coulomb interaction (or Hartree interaction) between electrons EH [Ï (r)] and the remaining complex non-classical electron exchange correlations Exc[Ï (r)] into an universal functional FHK [Ï (r)]: E[Ï ]= FHK [Ï ]+ Ï (r)vext[Ï (r)]d3 r (2.14) The remaining will be to apply the variational principle to extract the ground state energy ÃŽ ´E[Ï (r)] |Ï =Ï 0 = 0 (2.15) ÃŽ ´Ã (r) 2.2 Kohn-Sham Equations However, the Equation (2.14) does not give an accurate solution. In that point, Kohn and Sham reformulated the current approach and introduced a new scheme by considering the orbitals by mapping the fully interacting electronic system onto a fictitious system of non-interacting quasi particles moving in an effective potential.The Kohn-Sham equations solution can be written as: ˆ HKSψi = iψi (2.16) where the Hamiltonian is HˆKS =[− 1 2 + Veff (r)] (2.17) 2 Therefore, the problem of finding the many-body Schr ¨odinger equation is now replaced by solving single particle equations. Since the KS Hamiltonian is a functional of just one electron at the point r then the electron density can be defined according to HK theorem: occ. Ï (r)= |ψi(r)|2 (2.18) i=1 Besides, kinetic energy term and the classical Coulomb interaction energy of the electrons can be define as: N 1 d3 Te = − r|ψi(r)|2 (2.19) 2 i=1 1 Ï (r)Ï (r ) EH [Ï ]= d3rd3 r(2.20) 2 |r − r | Then the Hohenberg-Kohn ground state energy cn be written according to Kohn-Sham approach: N ÃŽ ´Exc EKS = i − EH [Ï ]+ Exc − (2.21) ÃŽ ´Ã (r) i i are the one electron energies and are coming from the results of KS equations results, however it has low physical meaning. The most significant term in the Equation (2.20) is the last term. which is the exchange correlation term that contains all the many-body interactions of exchange and interactions of the electrons. One can also write down it as in the form of Hohenberg-Kohn universal functional from the equation: Exc[Ï ]= FHK [Ï ] − (Te[Ï ]+ EH [Ï ]) (2.22) The total ground state energy can be obtained from EKS in Equation (2.21). Since it contains only the electronic energy, the total ground state energy of the system is calculated by adding the nuclei-nuclei repulsion term: E0(R1, , RM )= i − EH [Ï 0]+ Exc[Ï 0] − vxcÏ 0dr + Vnn(R1, , RM ) (2.23) where E0 is the total ground state energy for a given atomic configuration (R1, , R2). Therefore, the total energy depend on ionic positions that is actually depends on the volume and cell shape, so one can easily compute the ground state structure by minimizing the total energy. Also one can find the force acting on the particular atom, say atom A, by taking the derivative of the energy with respect to ionic position of A: ÃŽ ´E0(R1, .., RM ) FA(RA) = (2.24) ÃŽ ´RA which also shows the total energy dependence on atomic positions. 2.3 Calculating the Exchange-Correlation Energy The derived and brieà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡y explained KS equations from the fundamentals of all modern DFT calculations today. The most important point in the solution of KS equations are the exchange-correlation functional Exc which also determines the quality of the calculation. There are two well known approximation methods to get the exchange correlations: local density approximation (LDA)[39] and generalized gradient approximation (GGA)[41, 42]. 2.3.1 Local Density Approximation The local density approximation starts with a very simple approximation that, for regions of material where the charge density is slowly varying, the exchange-correlation energy at that point can be considered as the same as for a local uniform electron gas of the same charge density. In that case one can write the Exc as: Exc = Ï (r) xc(r) (2.25) where xc(r) is the exchange correlation energy per electron in an homogenous electron gas of density Ï (r). Even though the approximation is seemingly simple it is suprisingly accurate. However, it also has some drawbacks such as under-predict on of ground state energies and ionisation, while overpredicting binding energies as well as slightly favouring the high spin state structures and does not work fine for some systems where the charge density is rapidly changing. 2.3.2 Generalized Gradient Approximation Knowing the drawbacks of LDA the most logical step to go beyond LDA is not to limit oneself to the information about the charge densitiy Ï (r) at a particular point r, but also adding the information about the gradient of the charge density Ï (r) to be able to take into account the unhomogeneous density in the system. Then one can write the exchange correlation energy as : Exc[Ï ]= f(Ï , Ï )dr (2.26) That way of description leads to an improvement over LDA, nevertheless in some systems LDA still works better. There also several different parameterizations of GGA while in LDA its only one. In GGA some of these parameterizations are semi-emprical, in that experimental data (e.g. atomization energies) is used in their derivation. Others are found entirely from first principles. A commonly used functional is the PW91 functional, due to Perdew and Yang [43, 44] and most commonly used today is PBE [45, 46] by Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof. 2.4 Ultra-Soft Pseudopotentials and the Projector-Augmented Wave Method In the previous section, the calculation of Exc is described. Nevertheless this is not the single sensitive point of DFT calculations. The other point is the treatment of the electron-nuclei interaction. There are several available methods that describes the electron-nuclei interaction, but the most effective

Diversity in the Newsroom Essay -- Journalism Ethics

Ethics in Journalism: Diversity in newsrooms not a trend in the new millennium My interest in the lack of diversity in newsrooms across the United States began while I was enrolled in an ethics course in the journalism department, this semester. I hadn’t realized until this semester that diversity was integral to good, accurate, and fair reporting, and that it is also widely lacking in newsrooms. While the subject of diversity was only discussed over a few class sessions, it became a noticeably important issue for me, especially as I am an aspiring journalist. As a top editor at the Massachusetts Daily Collegian, a student-run newspaper at the University of Massachusetts that has almost no minority representation in the newsroom, I’m realizing that the problem is increasingly important, yet increasingly ignored. Diversity in the newsroom is an important issue in corporate-owned newspapers, private-owned newspapers, and at university and college newspapers. Statistics show that diversity in newsrooms is especially low for the years proceeding 2006, and, in some cases, is declining. Similarly, while many editors endorse diversity and believe that a representative newsroom provides fair and accurate reporting, statistics show that diversity is not an important priority for newsrooms. Though many newspapers are working towards diversity goals, the minimal progress that is being made in some places is especially slow, and not enough newspapers are taking part. The percentage of diversity representation in the newsroom has an effect on credibility. Without a significant representation of reporters who come from diverse backgrounds equal to the percentage of minority readers, information and content have a Page 2 2... ... Nov 2006. (copied in ethics class course pack). Heyboer, Kelly. â€Å"Losing Ground.† American Journalism Review. 2001 June. p. 43 (copied in ethics class course pack). â€Å"The Lackluster Racial Record of University Student Newspapers.† Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. No. 2 (Winter 1993), p. 28. JSTOR. 28 Nov 2006. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=10773711%28199324%2F199424%290%3A2%3C28% 3ATLRROU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1> Hold the Presses! Blacks Now Making Gains on Editorial Boards of Student Newspapers. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 18 (Winter, 1997-1998), pp. 33-34. JSTOR. 29 Nov 2006. 3711%28199724%2F199824%290%3A18%3C33%3AHTPBNM%3E2.0.CO%3B2- 8> Tobar, Hector. â€Å"Attempting to Bridge the Divide.† Nieman Reports. Fall 2006. Diversity in the Newsroom Essay -- Journalism Ethics Ethics in Journalism: Diversity in newsrooms not a trend in the new millennium My interest in the lack of diversity in newsrooms across the United States began while I was enrolled in an ethics course in the journalism department, this semester. I hadn’t realized until this semester that diversity was integral to good, accurate, and fair reporting, and that it is also widely lacking in newsrooms. While the subject of diversity was only discussed over a few class sessions, it became a noticeably important issue for me, especially as I am an aspiring journalist. As a top editor at the Massachusetts Daily Collegian, a student-run newspaper at the University of Massachusetts that has almost no minority representation in the newsroom, I’m realizing that the problem is increasingly important, yet increasingly ignored. Diversity in the newsroom is an important issue in corporate-owned newspapers, private-owned newspapers, and at university and college newspapers. Statistics show that diversity in newsrooms is especially low for the years proceeding 2006, and, in some cases, is declining. Similarly, while many editors endorse diversity and believe that a representative newsroom provides fair and accurate reporting, statistics show that diversity is not an important priority for newsrooms. Though many newspapers are working towards diversity goals, the minimal progress that is being made in some places is especially slow, and not enough newspapers are taking part. The percentage of diversity representation in the newsroom has an effect on credibility. Without a significant representation of reporters who come from diverse backgrounds equal to the percentage of minority readers, information and content have a Page 2 2... ... Nov 2006. (copied in ethics class course pack). Heyboer, Kelly. â€Å"Losing Ground.† American Journalism Review. 2001 June. p. 43 (copied in ethics class course pack). â€Å"The Lackluster Racial Record of University Student Newspapers.† Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. No. 2 (Winter 1993), p. 28. JSTOR. 28 Nov 2006. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=10773711%28199324%2F199424%290%3A2%3C28% 3ATLRROU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1> Hold the Presses! Blacks Now Making Gains on Editorial Boards of Student Newspapers. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 18 (Winter, 1997-1998), pp. 33-34. JSTOR. 29 Nov 2006. 3711%28199724%2F199824%290%3A18%3C33%3AHTPBNM%3E2.0.CO%3B2- 8> Tobar, Hector. â€Å"Attempting to Bridge the Divide.† Nieman Reports. Fall 2006.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Personal Qualities Essay

1. Characterization: What do you learn about the attitudes, beliefs, and personal qualities of the duke and the king from their words and actions? In what way is the characterization of the duke and the king satiric? Consider their claims about their lineage, their acting, and the faulty historical and literary allusions they make. What is Twain suggesting by having the king and the duke pull their first â€Å"con† at a religious revival? The duke and king have little sense of right and wrong, or at least choose to ignore it. they are unlearned  but fairly intelligent men who think more highly of themselves than they ought to, as is strongly hinted at by their claims to lineage, and they take pride and joy in swindling others of their money, heedless of religion or other core principles held by most people. This doesn’t change at all. ThEww characters are satiric towards society as a whole, putting money before all else. 2. Theme: What epiphany does Huck have in Ch. 23 that advances his inner conflict? What theme is Twain addressing? Buck realizes that Jim has a family as well, and can feel just like any other man. Here, twain is addressing the theme of equality. 3.  Pathos: A quality in a work or a portion thereof that makes the reader experience pity, sorrow, or tenderness is called pathos. Generally the character is pathetic, helpless, and/or an innocent victim suffering through no fault of his or her own. Identify and explain an example of pathos in Ch. 23. Twain uses pathos when he writes how Jim is homesick and misses his family, and how Jim feels guilty for beating his daughter, not knowing she was deaf. This is a sad story, used to evoke emotion from the reader, thus making the passage more enticing. Twain does this throughout the book in order to hold the attention of the reader.

Breakfast Eating Habits †UK †April 2014 Report by Researchmoz Essay

Operators could look to marketing to reposition breakfast as a way to connect people or to offer a bit of me-time before tackling the day, reminding consumers that, for example, a bowl of porridge or a crumpet with butter is worth savouring. Full Report With TOC @ http://www. researchmoz. us/breakfast-eating-habits-uk-april-2014-report. html Table of Content Introduction Definition Abbreviations Executive Summary. The market Figure 1: UK retail value sales of selected breakfast foods, 2008-18 Market factors Rise in consumer expenditure and confidence Sugar is an ongoing concern Demographic changes are set to impact the breakfast market Companies, brands and innovation Hot cereals see biggest growth in NPD Figure 2: Share of new product launches in typical breakfast food markets, by sub-category, 2011-13 The consumer Almost all adults eat breakfast at home, more than half doing so every day Figure 3: Frequency of eating breakfast, by location, February 2014 Breakfast cereals are most popular at home, hot rolls/sandwiches when out of home Figure 4: Types of breakfast foods eaten at home and out of home, February 2014 Ease of preparation is most important when eating breakfast at home Figure 5: Factors influencing choice of breakfast products at home and out of home, February 2014 Three in 10 tend to eat breakfast with others, while the same number enjoy taking their time Figure 6: Attitudes towards breakfast, February 2014 What we think All Latest Market Research Report @ http://www. researchmoz. us/latest-report. html For More Information Kindly Contact: Email: sales@researchmoz. us WebSite:http://www. researchmoz. us/ Blog: http://industryresearchnews. blogspot. com.

How to Improve Presentation Skill

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Definition of research problem Your presentations skills are just as important as the information you are presenting. Presentation skills are important for every individual when you have the need to present yourself. It is not only essential for your studying but also for future career. When you are applying for a job, you have to present yourself as a sincere applicant who is ready to improvise the organisation using his or her technical and non-technical skills. Only if you present yourself with the right attitude, you will be able to get the job.Even when you are in the job, you should be attending business meetings with the higher officials where your presentation skills will prove yourself. The purpose of this paper is to study the effectiveness of oral presentation as an assessment tool in university and career as well. The assessment practices in these subjects have been studied by many authors. Assessment may involve written tasks such as essay, r eport writing, calculation using formulae, computer simulation, short answer or descriptive writing in examination, multiple choice questions and also an oral presentation on a written task.However, the issues relating to oral presentation have not been studied clearly before. This paper reports the results of an empirical investigation of oral presentation used Banking University, especially in Foreign Language Faculty. 1. 2 Research scope and objectives Three specific questions are addressed in this paper. The first question is about the inportance of performance in oral presentation. The second question is about the effect that gender and student background determined by students’ nationality may have on their performance in oral presentation and other forms of assessment.The third question is about developing insights on various issues involved in the student performance in oral presentation in university and future career. The study of oral presentation with the issues i nvolved helps student in understanding the relationship between the steps of making a presentation. The study of effect of gender and nationality of students on their performance can help in understanding the problems associated with particular groups of students and can help resolve equity and learning issues in a particular group of students. 1. Structure of research report This report begins with an in depth literature review in chapter two which examines the oral presentation and issues involved. In chapter three, research questions are formulated from the literature. Chapter four provides detail regarding the research methodology selected by the researcher, in an attempt to collect data. This methodology includes qualitative as well as quantitative methods of data collection. The collected dated is disclosed in chapter five, through the use of graph and figures, as well as direct quotation from experts.An in depth review of the findings is examine in great detail in chapter six . Here more common themes and opposing opinions are explored more closely. Chapter seven concludes the research and offers proposed future research topic. Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW In today’s business environment, the competition in the workplace is getting more competitive. It is no longer enough for you to have the necessary capability to do the job, you should also be able to talk well, write well, and present yourself attractively to your superiors.Until recently many researches have been done in this topic. Researchers show the importance of presentation skills and the way to improve them in working environment (Tom Antion), In fact, it’s not enough just considering the side of whether being good or bad of the presentation. We should consider it from many aspects to enhance our capacity in presenting and succeed in career. Thus, our research focus on analyzing the ways for students especially for seniors who will become staffs or entrepreneurs in the near futur e to cultivate their presentation skills.This paper was executed to solve communication problems noted above deficient oral presentation skills– and its purpose is to address: (1) a few possible reasons for students’ inability to effectively deliver presentations and (2) training strategies designed to help students develop a proficiency in the area of oral presentations. 2. 1. Explanations of Students’ Poor Presentation Performance 2. 1. 1. Communication-related anxiety The inability to effectively deliver oral presentations may stem from a communication-related anxiety known as oral communication apprehension.This is the biggest problem that presenter may come up against. The problem McCroskey (1977) defined as â€Å"an individual’s level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons† (p. 78) which may contribute to an increase in anxiety and loss of self confidence and, consequently, n egatively affect one’s action to engage in oral communication from face-to-face speaking to an audience by delivering a presentation or speech.According to Phillips (1968), a factor contributing to poor communication performance may lie in one’s memory of his or her parents misusing language to ventilate grievances, berate one another, or verbally harass family members, including oneself. These negative experiences may have led the individual to be fearful or reticent of communication dialog, resulting in withdrawal from oral communication encounters. 2. 1. 2. Vague Intent You memorized the content (and it shows, by the way). Someone has a question. Panic sets in. You never prepared for questions and all you know about this topic is what is written on the slides. If you are not clear about what you want your presentation to achieve, then its success will be a hit-and-miss affair at best. What is the purpose of your presentation? †, said Shaun Killian (2009). 2. 1 . 3. Poor Structure It is intergral to prepare structure to transfer you intent after having clear knowledge about the topic you are going to present. It is not as simple as the popular â€Å"tell them what you will be saying, say it, and tell them what you have said† formula (Seven sins of poor presentations, Shaun Killian ,c. 2009).Not so well prepared structure will not allow you to deliver a cohesive presentation that achieves your intent. 2. 1. 4. Not Understanding Your Audience A great presentation given to one audience may fall flat when repeated with another because people are different and you need to personalise your presentation for the specific audience concerned. You've heard the phrase â€Å"know your audience† but do you know how to do that? Of course it means to know who is in your audience, what their general preferences are, to know different ways to relate to them, etc (n. ). Assuming you do, how you allow them to easily understand your points is an obstacle. 2. 1. 5. Low Engagement Storytelling is a way to engage audience because it sparks our imagination and plays to our innate desire to know what happens next (n. d). Sooner or later, the connection between you and your audience will be replaced by a boring atmosphere if you fail in engaging them. 2. 1. 6. Poor Preparation Shaun claimed that audiences can sense when you are relying on a script or using your slides as a crutch to hide your lack of knowledge.A lack of preparation can also throw off your timing, leaving you to: (1) Cram an overload of information into the time you have left, or (2) Come up with ways to fill your remaining time. 2. 2. Strategies To Improve Students’ Presentation Skills 2. 2. 1. Plan the purpose Before you create a new presentation, or when you review existing presentation, ask yourself â€Å"what’s my purpose for giving this presentation? †Is your goal to persuade, to inspire, to inform or to entertain (Chakisse Newton, 2008) . Having a clear understanding of the presentation’s purpose enables you to set more specific goals.Being clear about what you want your presentation to achieve will enable you to make wise decisions about how to best structure and deliver it. 2. 2. 2. Prepare carefully for your presentation To deliver an effective presentation, you have to know your material well. Here are some tips you can use to repare carefully your presentation * Check  that  writing  is  legible  from  the  back  of  the  room * Smooth  transition  between  topics  and  slides * Sequence  of  points  is  logical * Get  feedback  from  a  classmate * Become  familiar  with  the  audio-visual you shouldn't use a number of media (i. e. verhead projector and slides and blackboard) until you are quite confident and experienced. If you are going to use mixed media, it is even more important that you rehearse, to get an indication of how long it will take t o turn off one projector, start the other etc. * Timing of your presentation. To get your timing right, you need to rehearse your presentation. Actors, musicians and other performers understand this all too well. Yet many presentations are not practiced until they are conducted live in front of the audience. Rehearsing your presentation will help you speak with confidence and stay on track.It also helps you to move away from vague ideas about content into the more concrete realm of what you will say and how you will say it (Shaun, 2009) * Get used to public speaking and reduce your nervousness * Identify any mannerisms that may be inappropriate or annoying during public speaking. For example, these may include a tendency to finish sentences with the word â€Å" like â€Å" or † y'know † or perhaps you begin every sentence with an ‘ errm ‘, or ‘ ahhhm ‘ or ‘ So. . ‘, or maybe you begin every new slide by saying â€Å"Where are we now ? † or â€Å"Well, . â€Å". Once you have identified them, and with a little practice, you will be able to better control your use of these mannerisms. Don’t worry too much about having a few of them in your seminars- you are not a robot! In addition, people generally have a very good ability to filter the occasional ‘errm’ or ‘ahhhm’ out of your main points. It is the overuse of such mannerisms that is problematic. 2. 2. 3. Some other important tips * Devote some preparation time to better understanding your audience. * What have they been up to recently? What have they achieved? Will they be hostile or receptive to what you have to say? * What do they already know or believe about the matter at hand? * What do you know about their learning styles and personalities? * What challenges do they face in their workplace? What help do they need? * What do they like and respect? To truly understand your audience, you need to avoid the clinical, so mewhat removed method of answering these questions and try to view things from their perspective (Shaun, 2009). * Think of ways to actively engage them. One of the most powerful ways to accomplish this is  through storytelling. here are other ways to engage your audience. These include using: * Questions  both real and rhetorical, to get people thinking about what you have said * Games  that reinforce the key messages in your presentation * Movement  to wake people up * Literary devices  such as parallel structure, word pictures, triads, metaphors and the antithesis 2. 3. Summary of literature and research aim The materials including 3 books and an article conducted by relevant website. This literature on oral presentation involved two issues of students’ oral presentation.This study made a contribution to the study of presentation by offering insight into issues involved in the oral presentation. In particular, this study identified the problems associated with the execution of oral presentation and proposed the strategies for students to overcome the problems. Although the above strategies may appear to constitute a precise structure, they are subject to modification and omission at the strategy for the communication-related anxiety. More studies should be learned in order to get a clearer and deeper knowledge about managing anxiety for the presentation.Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Subjects to the study Finding reliable and valid sources of information for the research was a challenge for the researcher. The researcher used electronic databases using keyword? searching methods to locate traditional and online sources on the topic. The primary database used to locate sources was well? known research journals and publications. Another database used to locate sources was the Library of Banking University. The researcher used Library of Banking University primarily to locate traditional sources such as books and some research articles.This paper attempts to answer the above mentioned research questions through an analysis of student data collected from Faculty of Foreign Language, at Banking University over a period of for years from 2010 to 2014. Because we do not have enough time to do the survey the whole Foreign language Faculty we do the survey in the class we are studying with, which comprises 35 students who are studying the subject over this period. Out of these; 27 are female students, 8 males. This research was conducted by questionnaire and investigated junior students’attitudes to the importance of presentation.The questionnaire used multichoice method to assess student attitudes and provided open ended responses for additional comments. No personal information was collected; the survey was voluntary and anonymous. There was an 85% response rate to the questionnaire. A breakdown of the responses is listed below in Table 1. It can be clearly seen from the results that there are many students acknowledge ab out the importance of oral presentation and its relevant issues as well. The survey also allowed participants to suggest any strategies for the progress from the preparation to the presenting of the talk to have a good presentation. . 2 Research instrument The questionnaire instrument is a popular method doing research . It consist of 11 questions edited by researchers. Most of these questions focused on the importance of presentation skill ,the difficuties in doing a presentation and finding the way to improve. We gave somes mutiple choices . And some questions ,there is space for the participants to give their own opinions. After getting the information in the survey ,the data was gathered and annalyzed to come to findings 3. 3 Data collection and research procedures.The data collection procedures in this thesis consist of two phases Phases 1 : it took researchers a half of month from October 10th to October 25th 2012,to review previous study and select the ralated materials in th is subject Phases 2: after that on November 6th 2012 35 copies of the questionaire were distributed to the participants . Then the information was gathered and analyzed to achieve the concrete conclusion. This process lasted 7 days to November 13th . Lastly, it took more than a week to perfect and finish this research paper from November 13th to November 20th ,2012.Chapter 4 :DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4. 1. Responses to the questionaire 4. 1. 1. Participants ‘s opinions about presentation skill in future career. Most of them (60%) agree presentation skill is the most important skill to get s good career . 30% participants think knowledge is the most important and 10% is neutral. 4. 1. 2 Reasons why students can not be a good presenter. * 35% of students think the lack of preparation makes the poor presentation. * It is culculated that 30% of students did a bad presentation because of being short of confidence. 25% of students have problem with the language they use in the pres entation. * 10% of them gave some different reasons such as: body language, pronunciation,the content of the presentation ,†¦. 4. 1. 3. Methods to have a good presentation There are some methods for an attractive presentation that participants gave : * Prepare carefully for the presentation. * Get used to public speaking and reduce your nervousness * Use some small games or a funny stories in the presentation. * Use body language * Use simple word or definitions. * †¦ 4. 2. SummaryAccording to the survey ,the real situation is found out . 60% of participants agree presentation skill is very important ,30% disagree and other 10% of them are neutral. It was calculated that the lack of preparation makes up 35% among the reasons which lead to the failure in presentation. The other 2 main problems are language and short of confidence. Along with that the participants also gave some solutions that they used to improve their presentation skill . Those finding indicated not only t he importance of presentation skill but also the method to advance it. Chapter 5 :DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION . 1. Preparation: 35% of participants think lack of preparation makes the presentation fail. Some people recommend memorizing a script and practicing it intensely for as long as you possibly can. Other people suggest having key talking points and riffing on those. From heavy-duty preparation to minimal preparation, you’ll get it all, and everything in-between. Besides, over time with enough practice you can learn to speak and present in any style. From there, you can find your own speaking style. Moreover ,   it is quite helpful to practice each section of presentation in pieces.You should focus on one part, memorize the core elements, run through it till you are comfortable and then move to the next piece. Then it’s just a matter of stringing the pieces together, which is easier. 5. 2. Confidence: 30% people point out that confidence contributes a lot to a n excellent presentation. Definitely, practicing in front of people helps you more confident. If you haven’t given a lot of presentations this  will feel awkward  but it’s better to get over those feelings now rather than when you’re on stage. You need the quiet time to memorize things and get a feel for what you’re doing.However, it will be better to practice while distracted by other sounds or visually because it makes you feel more confident . All the advice in the world won’t help if you can’t get comfortable with your preparation, practice techniques and ultimately, the presentation itself. Do whatever makes you feel comfortable. The more comfortable you feel, the more confident you feel, and the better things will go. 5. 3. Language: It is adviced not to get hung up on specific words. It’s unlikely that missing or changing any one word will totally ruin your presentation, so don’t worry about perfection.Practicing han d gestures is also essential. If you’re giving a â€Å"naked† presentation (with nothing in front of you like a table, etc. ) then you need to be aware of what you’re doing with your hands and your feet. So think about your hand gestures and how they relate to what you’re saying. If you plan to move around, pace in sync with your words. I’ve been practicing this for a few days with great success. Chapter 6: CONCLUSION 6. 1. Strengths: As students of Foreign Language Faculty, we have more chances to practice presentation in comparison with other students.It is also considerable advantage for doing surveys and collecting data from our classmates. 6. 2. Weakness: Still being senior students, the researchers have not been trained presentation skills systematically. Also, the time for processing this thesis was limited. The researchers can not apply more research methods into the procedure to tap into more evidence for the statements. However; after ver y hard working to gear up the research, the researchers are in the hope of bringing up the solution to make people find effective methods to get success in making a perfect presentation.APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRES These are all the questions the researchers used in the questionaires during the procedure: 1 Do you think presentation skill is important? * Yes * No 1. How much time do you spend preparing your presentation? *   a. a day *   b. a week *   c. a few weeks *   other: 3. What common mistakes do you (and your group also) usually make in the presentation? *   a. Spelling mistakes *   b. Pronunciation *   c. Too many information on the slide *   Other: 4. How do you feel about a presenter with a note? *   a. It`s ok.. *   b. So unprofessional!They should learn by heart all the stuffs *   c. Not very professional but acceptable *   Other : 5. What do you do to handle nerves before presenting? *   a. Drink some water . *   b. Take a deep breath, relax the muscle . *   c. Imagine the audiences turn into some kinds of funny things . * Other: 6. Do nerves affect your presentation? *   a. Yes, my stomach is ache. My hands shake. I just want to run away *   b. My hands shake, my heart pounds but I try to finish the presentation *   c. A bit nervous, but I prepare very carefully. Everything`s gonna be OK .   d. I don`t care what`s gonna happen. I just want to finish this . *   Other: 7. you often find the information from which sources? *   a. The internet *   b. Books *   c. Newspapers, magazines *   Other: 8. How frequent do you say â€Å"uhm†, â€Å"ohm† during your presentation? *   a. Very often *   b. Sometimes *   c. Rarely *   d. Never 9. What do you do if the questions are so difficult or you don’t prepare well? *   a. Answer arbitrarily *   b. Ask for another question *   c. Ask for teacher’s help *   d. Apology and promise to reply on the following day 10.Do you use body language when presenting? *   a. Mostly eye contact. I always look at the audiences to make sure they`re listening *   b. I know it`s important, but I barely use it. There are too many other things to handle *   c. The most important thing is the contain and the presentation. If it`s interesting, the audiences will pay attention *   Other: 11. What have you done so far to improve your presentation skill? a. Prepare carefully b. Use body language c. Use a note while presentting. d. Other REFERENCES Daly,  J. A. ,  &  McCroskey,  J. C. (Eds). (1984).Avoiding  communication:  Shyness, reticence,a nd  communication  apprehension. Newbury  Park:  Sage. Gallo,  Ã‚  C  Ã‚  (2006). The  Ã‚  10  Ã‚  worst  Ã‚  presentation  Ã‚  habits. BusinessWeek. com. Retrieved October  20,  2006  from: Krannich,  Ã‚  C. R. (2004). 101  Ã‚  Secrets  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  highly  Ã‚  effective  Ã‚  speakers:  Ã‚  controlling  Ã‚  fear,commanding  Ã‚  attention  . McCannon,  M. &  Crews,  T. B. 1999. Most  common  grammatical  and  punctuation  errors made  by  undergraduates  as  perceived  by  business  communication  professors.Parvis,  Ã‚  L. F. (2001). The  Ã‚  importance  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  communication  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  public-speaking  Ã‚  skills. http://inc. com/guides/how-to-improve-your-presentation-skills. html http://presentationmagazine. com/presentation-skills-and-how-to-develop-them-7577. htm http://presentationsoft. about. com/od/powerpointinbusiness/tp/071231resolutions. htm http://images. businessweek. com/ss/06/02/mistakes/index_01. htm RESEARCH PAPER WRITING EVALUATION FORM Student name: Grading criteria| Marks| Content| | Purpose/ objective| /10| Coverage and relevance of literature in relation to the topic/ research question| /20|Ability to summarise and evaluate the literature in relavant to the topic/ research question, including the identification of agreements and contradictions or gaps, etc. | /20| Form| | Coherence and structure of the paper| /15| Clarity of the outline including clear and consistent layout, script and spelling; provision of subheadings where approciate; introductory and concluding sections, etc. | /15| Clarity and appropriateness of academic conventions forquoting, paraphrasing, citing references, etc according to the guidelines learnt. | /20| Total marks| /100| General comments| Examiner:Date:B? NG PHAN CONG CONG VI? C T? t c? thanh vien d? u tim kiem tai li? u ,t? ng h? p va ch? n l? c tai li? u . Sau khi hoan thanh xong ph? n c? a minh g? i qua cho t? ng thanh vien xem va ch? nh s? a . sau day la b? ng phan cong c? th? T? NGUY? N PHU? C VINH| * PART 1 : INTRODUCTION * PART2 :LITERATURE REVIEW * T? NG H? P BAI| TR? N TH? BICH TRAM| * PART3:METHODOLOGY * Part4 :DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING * T? NG H? P VA PHAN TICH S? LI? U KH? O SAT| BUI TH? KIM TUY? N| * PART 5: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION * PART 6: CONCLUSION * T? N G H? P VA PHAN TICH S? LI? U KH? O SAT|